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Chapter 11 Biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of Ordovician rhynchonelliform brachiopods

David A. T. Harper, Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen, Maria Liljeroth, Robert B. Blodgett, Yves Candela, Jisuo Jin, Ian G. Percival, Jia-yu Rong, Enrique Villas and Ren-bin Zhan
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 38, 127-144, 27 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/M38.11
David A. T. Harper
1Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen
2Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
3Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Maria Liljeroth
2Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Robert B. Blodgett
4Consultant Geologist, 2821 Kingfisher Drive, Anchorage, AK 99502, USA
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Yves Candela
5Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK
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Jisuo Jin
6Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Canada N6A 5B7
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Ian G. Percival
7Geological Survey of New South Wales, Londonderry 2753, NSW, Australia
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Jia-yu Rong
8State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing 210008, China
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Enrique Villas
9Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 10, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Ren-bin Zhan
8State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing 210008, China
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Abstract

The phylogeographical evolution and the consequent changing distribution and diversity of rhynchonelliform brachiopods through the Ordovician are linked to the dynamic palaeogeography of the period. The Early Ordovician (Tremadocian and Floian) is characterized by globally low-diversity faunas with local biodiversity epicentres, notably on the South China Palaeoplate; low-latitude porambonitoid-dominated faunas with early plectambonitoid and clitambonitoid representatives, as well as high-latitude assemblages mostly dominated by orthoids, can be recognized, but many taxa are rooted in Late Cambrian stocks. The Early Ordovician displays a steady increase in rhynchonelliformean biodiversity, which was mostly driven by the increasing success of the Porambonitoidea and Orthoidea, but the billingsellids and early plectambonitoids also contributed to this expansion. During the Early to Mid Ordovician (Dapingian–Darriwilian), marine life experienced an unprecedented hike in diversity at the species, genus and family levels that firmly installed the suspension-feeding benthos as the main component of the Palaeozoic fauna. However, this may have occurred in response to an early Darriwilian annihilation of existing clades, some of which had been most successful during the Early Ordovician. New clades rapidly expanded. The continents were widely dispersed together with a large number of microcontinents and volcanic arcs related to intense magmatic and tectonic activity. Climates were warm and sea-levels were high. Pivotal to the entire diversification is the role of gamma (inter-provincial) diversity and by implication the spread of the continents and frequency of island arcs and microcontinents. The phylogeographical analysis demonstrates that this new palaeogeographical configuration was particularly well explored and utilized by the strophomenides, especially the Plectambonitoidea, which radiated rapidly during this interval. The porambonitoids, on the other hand, were still in recovery following the early Darriwilian extinctions. Orthides remained dominant, particularly at high latitudes. Biodiversity epicentres were located on most of the larger palaeoplates, as well as within the Iapetus Ocean. Provincial patterns were disrupted during the Sandbian and early Katian with the migration of many elements of the benthos into deeper-water regimes, enjoying a more cosmopolitan distribution. Later Katian faunas exhibit a partition between carbonate and clastic environments. During the latest Katian, biogeographical patterns were disrupted by polewards migrations of warm-water taxa in response to the changing climate; possibly as a consequence of low-latitude cradles being developed in, for instance, carbonate reef settings. Many clades were well established with especially the strophomenides beginning to outnumber the previously successful orthides, although this process had already begun, regionally, in the mid to late Darriwilian. At the same time, atrypoid and pentameroid clades also began to radiate in low-latitude faunas, anticipating their dominance in Silurian faunas. The Hirnantian was marked by severe extinctions particularly across orthide-strophomenide clades within the context of few, but well-defined, climatically controlled provincial belts.

Supplementary material: The individual localities and a reference list for the data sources are provided at: http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18667

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Geological Society, London, Memoirs: 38 (1)
Geological Society, London, Memoirs
Volume 38
2013
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Chapter 11 Biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of Ordovician rhynchonelliform brachiopods

David A. T. Harper, Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen, Maria Liljeroth, Robert B. Blodgett, Yves Candela, Jisuo Jin, Ian G. Percival, Jia-yu Rong, Enrique Villas and Ren-bin Zhan
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 38, 127-144, 27 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/M38.11
David A. T. Harper
1Palaeoecosystems Group, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: [email protected]
Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen
2Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
3Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE 223 62 Lund, Sweden
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
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  • Search for this author on this site
Maria Liljeroth
2Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5–7, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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  • Search for this author on this site
Robert B. Blodgett
4Consultant Geologist, 2821 Kingfisher Drive, Anchorage, AK 99502, USA
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Yves Candela
5Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, EH1 1JF, UK
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Jisuo Jin
6Department of Earth Sciences, Western University, London, Canada N6A 5B7
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Ian G. Percival
7Geological Survey of New South Wales, Londonderry 2753, NSW, Australia
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Jia-yu Rong
8State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing 210008, China
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  • Search for this author on this site
Enrique Villas
9Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 10, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Ren-bin Zhan
8State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing 210008, China
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Chapter 11 Biodiversity, biogeography and phylogeography of Ordovician rhynchonelliform brachiopods

David A. T. Harper, Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen, Maria Liljeroth, Robert B. Blodgett, Yves Candela, Jisuo Jin, Ian G. Percival, Jia-yu Rong, Enrique Villas and Ren-bin Zhan
Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 38, 127-144, 27 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/M38.11
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